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Countdown to International Women's day 2022

Window nº 2
Victoria Woodhull Martin 1838 – 1927

In 1940 Miss Zula Woodhull of Norton Park, Bredon’s Norton, left a large legacy to the Friends of Tewkesbury Abbey, enabling the purchase of Abbey Lawn House and gardens. The gift was in memory of Miss Woodhull’s mother, Victoria Woodhull Martin, a prominent and unconventional American suffragist, labour reformer and until recently, the only woman candidate for the US Presidency. The legacy stipulated that a memorial to Victoria should be placed in the abbey for the promotion of friendship between Britain and the United States. Victoria was born into poverty in Ohio and spent her early years travelling with her family’s medicine show telling fortunes and selling medicines. Married at 15 to escape her brutal father, she had two children, Zula and Byron. Sadly, her husband was an alcoholic and philanderer and Victoria divorced him, later marrying Colonel James H. Blood, who introduced her to a number of 19th century reform movements. After meeting the wealthy railway magnate, Cornelius Vanderbilt, through a mutual interest in spiritualism, Victoria and her sister set up as stockbrokers in New York. Profits from the business enabled them to publish women’s rights and reform magazine. Woodhull became an accomplished public speaker and was nominated for the Presidency by the Equal Rights Party. Her scandalous behaviour proved too much for some and eventually she sailed to England with her sister and met a wealthy English banker John Biddulph Martin, whom she eventually married. She devoted her later years to running a new newspaper and preserving the English home of George Washington’s ancestors. She became an automobile enthusiast, donated money and services to various causes around Tewkesbury, founded a short-lived agricultural college and volunteered with the Red Cross during World War I.

Window nº 4
Harriet McIlquham 1837-1910

It was not only Victorian Women who were not allowed to vote: through the 1832 Reform Act the number of male voters increased to 20 % of all men. Voters needed to be propertied. In two more Reform Acts to follow, the right to vote was extended to men, who owned or rented property, so that by 1884 60% of men were allowed to vote.

Women assembled in various organisations to fight for their rights. In 1871 a 'Women’s Suffrage Society' was founded in Cheltenham, which affiliated 1896 with the National organisation. Harriet McIlquham was one of the founding members. London born, she moved 1858 with her husband to Cheltenham, later to Staverton, where she managed a working farm. They had four children together.
Already in the 1860s she had been a speaker and organizer in the franchise campaign on a National base. Over the years she supported and co-founded other Women organisations and joined the more radical WSPU and WFL. McIlquham took on local responsibility as a Poor Law guardian for Boddlington in 1881, the first married woman elected to that office. Her qualifications were questioned, but because she also held property in her own name, the challenge failed. She engaged in improving married women's political rights. She also became overseer of the parish of Staverton, and first chair of the Staverton parish council.
In January 1889 she stood as Liberal candidate for the Gloucester County Council. The local press reported, that "she was admired for her pluck”. A court judgement 4 month later ruled that votes for women were “simply thrown away”, so she couldn’t have taken her seat, even, if she had had the majority.
McIlquham published pamphlets based on her lectures, among them "The Enfranchisement of Women: An Ancient Right, A Modern Need" in 1892. She also wrote a series of essays on the history of feminism for the Westminster Review.
On the 21 February 1905 she accompanied Sylvia Pankhurst to the House and Commons to lobby MPs , and she attended the WSPU’s first meeting in Cheltenham. After she died 1910, aged 72, she was buried on the churchyard of Staverton. The papers of Harriet McIlquham are archived in The Women's Library.

Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds Paperback – 1 Feb. 2018, by Dr. Sue Jones
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE ACTIVITIES IN TEWKESBURY
Derek Benson
https://tewkesburyhistory.org/Womens-Suffrage

Window nº 3
Dinah Mulock Craik(1826-1887)

Dinah Maria Mulock was born in 1826 as the first child of a nonconformist preacher in Stoke-on-Trent. Dinah’s childhood and teenage years were affected by her father’s poor mental health and the debts he left for his family. Since an early age, Dinah was required to run a private school with her mother to suffice their daily need. After her mother inherited a huge fortune, they travelled the whole of Europe and moved to London in 1839. Dinah studied many different languages during their tour including French, Latin and German and developed an interest in music and art.
In 1841 a poem on the birth of the Princess Royal appeared in in the Staffordshire Advertiser as her first publication. In 1845, Dinah’s mother died and she left a private school and her inherited fortune to her daughter and sons. When Dinah turned nineteen, she started writing poems and stories. Four years later, in 1849, she published her first adult fiction titled ‘The Olivigies’, which was dedicated to her mother. After this she wrote some twenty novels and her career reached the height with the publication of her novel 'John Halifax, Gentleman' in 1856. The novel is centred in 'Nortonbury' which is easily recognisable as Tewkesbury. The story is a narrative from a character Phineas, who is the friend of the leading character, John Halifax. He is an orphan and keen to make his way through the competitive world with hard work and honesty. Phineas' father, Abel Fletcher, is a tanner and Quaker and gives John a job. With his true determination and hard work he earns a lot of money and becomes a wealthy man.

This novel made Tewkesbury popular as a tourist destination and Abel Fletcher's Mill, the former Abbey Mill catered luncheons and teas for visitors. In 1890 Dinah Craig was remembered with a Memorial plaque in the southern transept by the citizens of Tewkesbury.

In 1865 she married George Lillie Craik, a partner in the publishing firm Macmillan & Company. In 1869 they adopted a foundling baby girl, Dorothy. At Shortlands, Kent, while in a period of preparation for Dorothy's wedding, she died of heart failure on 12 October 1887, aged 61. Her last words were reported to have been: "Oh, if I could live four weeks longer! but no matter, no matter!"

Dinah Mulock Craik Biography (victorian-era.org) http://victorian-era.org/victorian-authors/dinah-mulock-craik-biography.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Craik

Window nº 5
Stocking knitters’ cottages in St Mary’s Lane
Restored by The Landmark Trust in 1971

Queen Elizabeth I started the fashion for knitted stockings instead of cloth hose. Hose were breeches and stockings all sewn together. Production of knitted stockings was facilitated by William Lee’s invention of a stocking frame or knitting machine first using wool and then, by 1599 for silk. Old style hose disappeared and the word itself became simply an alternative to stockings.
Stocking making was a major cottage industry in Tewkesbury from the early 17th century. The 1766 Act of Parliament regulating the quality of cotton stockings was called “The Tewkesbury Act”. By 1831 over three hundred men, women and children were stocking knitters in Tewkesbury, which has some claim to be one of the early industrial cotton towns. The factories, with their distinctive wide windows, were known as “top shops”. Men were the machinists while female spinsters worked on spinning wheels, but recessions and competition from Nottingham and other areas, slowly undermined the industry. Connected with the stocking industry were factories for cotton-thread lace, silk throwing, and small linen articles, which provided employment for women and children. Osborne House in East Street was part of a factory complex which was a stocking weaving factory with offices, a lace manufactory in 1825, and home to the steam powered Patent Renewable Stocking Factory from 1860-1868.

Window nº 1
Tewkesbury Bread Riots (24th June 1795)
Esther Macmaster(21), Mary Aldridge(16), Sarah Kinson(16) Ann Mayall, née Kings(22),and Happy Fielder(19)

The winter of 1794/95, 5 years after the French revolution, was exceptionally harsh: January temperatures averaged at -3,1°C and heavy flooding of the rivers Severn and Avon hit Tewkesbury in February. There was already a lack of wheat, due to bad harvests in hot and dry 1794. Supplying the army and navy, who were fighting the French, diminished the stocks further. By summer 1795 the price of bread had doubled. Moreover, corn merchants and millers speculated with grain, hoarding it and selling it at a higher price elsewhere. This resulted in bread riots throughout England.

On the 25th June, a day after the Tewkesbury riot, the Town Clerk wrote to the Home Secretary: .."Several Quantities of Wheaten flour were forcibly taken out of the barges at the Quay & carried off by divers Persons, chiefly Females- the civil force was convened with all possible Dispatch, & after much difficulty and confusion, the Riot was suppressed, & the ringleaders committed to the county rather than the Borough Goal, as most secure……"
Esther Macmaster(21), Mary Aldridge(16), Sarah Kinson(16) Ann Mayall, née Kings(22),and Happy Fielder(19) were arrested and sentenced to six months imprisonment in Gloucester Goal.
The women were 5 of about 200 people, recognized by the witnesses for ‘asking, where the barge was going', 'being active in the crowd', 'taking flour from the sacks and taking it away in their aprons’.
They had to serve their full sentence, in spite of an intercession by the local Parish Priest and a petition by a prospective MP. They were fortunate to be incarcerated in the modern new goal in Gloucester, which supplied them with a cell of their own and food. In many other parts of the country male and female rioters were sentenced to death by hanging.

After being discharged from the goal, they probably lived a rather ordinary life as they are only mentioned in local records for their marriages, baptisms and the deaths of their children.

You'll find more details on the website of The Tewkesbury Historical Society: https://tewkesburyhistory.org/The-Tewkesbury-Bread-Riot-of-1795

Terrific Women of Tewkesbury

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Window nº 5

Stocking knitters’ cottages in St Mary’s Lane
Restored by The Landmark Trust in 1971

Queen Elizabeth I started the fashion for knitted stockings instead of cloth hose. Hose were breeches and stockings all sewn together. Production of knitted stockings was facilitated by William Lee’s invention of a stocking frame or knitting machine first using wool and then, by 1599 for silk. Old style hose disappeared and the word itself became simply an alternative to stockings.
Stocking making was a major cottage industry in Tewkesbury from the early 17th century. The 1766 Act of Parliament regulating the quality of cotton stockings was called “The Tewkesbury Act”. By 1831 over three hundred men, women and children were stocking knitters in Tewkesbury, which has some claim to be one of the early industrial cotton towns. The factories, with their distinctive wide windows, were known as “top shops”. Men were the machinists while female spinsters worked on spinning wheels, but recessions and competition from Nottingham and other areas, slowly undermined the industry. Connected with the stocking industry were factories for cotton-thread lace, silk throwing, and small linen articles, which provided employment for women and children. Osborne House in East Street was part of a factory complex which was a stocking weaving factory with offices, a lace manufactory in 1825, and home to the steam powered Patent Renewable Stocking Factory from 1860-1868.

Advientos Windows

Window nº 1 4-03-2022	Tewkesbury Bread Riots (24th June 1795) Esther Macmaster(21), Mary Aldridge(16), Sarah Kinson(16) Ann Mayall, née Kings(22),and Happy Fielder(19) The winter of 1794/95, 5 years after the French revolution, was exceptionally harsh: January temperatures averaged at -3,1°C and heavy flooding of the rivers Severn and Avon hit Tewkesbury in February. There was already a lack of wheat, due to bad harvests in hot and dry 1794. Supplying the army and navy, who were fighting the French, diminished the stocks further. By summer 1795 the price of bread had doubled. Moreover, corn merchants and millers speculated with grain, hoarding it and selling it at a higher price elsewhere. This resulted in bread riots throughout England. On the 25th June, a day after the Tewkesbury riot, the Town Clerk wrote to the Home Secretary: .."Several Quantities of Wheaten flour were forcibly taken out of the barges at the Quay & carried off by divers Persons, chiefly Females- the civil force was convened with all possible Dispatch, & after much difficulty and confusion, the Riot was suppressed, & the ringleaders committed to the county rather than the Borough Goal, as most secure……" Esther Macmaster(21), Mary Aldridge(16), Sarah Kinson(16) Ann Mayall, née Kings(22),and Happy Fielder(19) were arrested and sentenced to six months imprisonment in Gloucester Goal. The women were 5 of about 200 people, recognized by the witnesses for ‘asking, where the barge was going', 'being active in the crowd', 'taking flour from the sacks and taking it away in their aprons’. They had to serve their full sentence, in spite of an intercession by the local Parish Priest and a petition by a prospective MP. They were fortunate to be incarcerated in the modern new goal in Gloucester, which supplied them with a cell of their own and food. In many other parts of the country male and female rioters were sentenced to death by hanging. After being discharged from the goal, they probably lived a rather ordinary life as they are only mentioned in local records for their marriages, baptisms and the deaths of their children. You'll find more details on the website of The Tewkesbury Historical Society: https://tewkesburyhistory.org/The-Tewkesbury-Bread-Riot-of-1795
Window nº 2 5-03-2022	Victoria Woodhull Martin 1838 – 1927 In 1940 Miss Zula Woodhull of Norton Park, Bredon’s Norton, left a large legacy to the Friends of Tewkesbury Abbey, enabling the purchase of Abbey Lawn House and gardens. The gift was in memory of Miss Woodhull’s mother, Victoria Woodhull Martin, a prominent and unconventional American suffragist, labour reformer and until recently, the only woman candidate for the US Presidency. The legacy stipulated that a memorial to Victoria should be placed in the abbey for the promotion of friendship between Britain and the United States. Victoria was born into poverty in Ohio and spent her early years travelling with her family’s medicine show telling fortunes and selling medicines. Married at 15 to escape her brutal father, she had two children, Zula and Byron. Sadly, her husband was an alcoholic and philanderer and Victoria divorced him, later marrying Colonel James H. Blood, who introduced her to a number of 19th century reform movements. After meeting the wealthy railway magnate, Cornelius Vanderbilt, through a mutual interest in spiritualism, Victoria and her sister set up as stockbrokers in New York. Profits from the business enabled them to publish women’s rights and reform magazine. Woodhull became an accomplished public speaker and was nominated for the Presidency by the Equal Rights Party. Her scandalous behaviour proved too much for some and eventually she sailed to England with her sister and met a wealthy English banker John Biddulph Martin, whom she eventually married. She devoted her later years to running a new newspaper and preserving the English home of George Washington’s ancestors. She became an automobile enthusiast, donated money and services to various causes around Tewkesbury, founded a short-lived agricultural college and volunteered with the Red Cross during World War I.
Window nº 3 6-03-2022	Dinah Mulock Craik(1826-1887) Dinah Maria Mulock was born in 1826 as the first child of a nonconformist preacher in Stoke-on-Trent. Dinah’s childhood and teenage years were affected by her father’s poor mental health and the debts he left for his family. Since an early age, Dinah was required to run a private school with her mother to suffice their daily need. After her mother inherited a huge fortune, they travelled the whole of Europe and moved to London in 1839. Dinah studied many different languages during their tour including French, Latin and German and developed an interest in music and art. In 1841 a poem on the birth of the Princess Royal appeared in in the Staffordshire Advertiser as her first publication. In 1845, Dinah’s mother died and she left a private school and her inherited fortune to her daughter and sons. When Dinah turned nineteen, she started writing poems and stories. Four years later, in 1849, she published her first adult fiction titled ‘The Olivigies’, which was dedicated to her mother. After this she wrote some twenty novels and her career reached the height with the publication of her novel 'John Halifax, Gentleman' in 1856. The novel is centred in 'Nortonbury' which is easily recognisable as Tewkesbury. The story is a narrative from a character Phineas, who is the friend of the leading character, John Halifax. He is an orphan and keen to make his way through the competitive world with hard work and honesty. Phineas' father, Abel Fletcher, is a tanner and Quaker and gives John a job. With his true determination and hard work he earns a lot of money and becomes a wealthy man. This novel made Tewkesbury popular as a tourist destination and Abel Fletcher's Mill, the former Abbey Mill catered luncheons and teas for visitors. In 1890 Dinah Craig was remembered with a Memorial plaque in the southern transept by the citizens of Tewkesbury. In 1865 she married George Lillie Craik, a partner in the publishing firm Macmillan & Company. In 1869 they adopted a foundling baby girl, Dorothy. At Shortlands, Kent, while in a period of preparation for Dorothy's wedding, she died of heart failure on 12 October 1887, aged 61. Her last words were reported to have been: "Oh, if I could live four weeks longer! but no matter, no matter!" Dinah Mulock Craik Biography (victorian-era.org) http://victorian-era.org/victorian-authors/dinah-mulock-craik-biography.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Craik
Window nº 4 7-03-2022	Harriet McIlquham 1837-1910 It was not only Victorian Women who were not allowed to vote: through the 1832 Reform Act the number of male voters increased to 20 % of all men. Voters needed to be propertied. In two more Reform Acts to follow, the right to vote was extended to men, who owned or rented property, so that by 1884 60% of men were allowed to vote. Women assembled in various organisations to fight for their rights. In 1871 a 'Women’s Suffrage Society' was founded in Cheltenham, which affiliated 1896 with the National organisation. Harriet McIlquham was one of the founding members. London born, she moved 1858 with her husband to Cheltenham, later to Staverton, where she managed a working farm. They had four children together. Already in the 1860s she had been a speaker and organizer in the franchise campaign on a National base. Over the years she supported and co-founded other Women organisations and joined the more radical WSPU and WFL. McIlquham took on local responsibility as a Poor Law guardian for Boddlington in 1881, the first married woman elected to that office. Her qualifications were questioned, but because she also held property in her own name, the challenge failed. She engaged in improving married women's political rights. She also became overseer of the parish of Staverton, and first chair of the Staverton parish council. In January 1889 she stood as Liberal candidate for the Gloucester County Council. The local press reported, that "she was admired for her pluck”. A court judgement 4 month later ruled that votes for women were “simply thrown away”, so she couldn’t have taken her seat, even, if she had had the majority. McIlquham published pamphlets based on her lectures, among them "The Enfranchisement of Women: An Ancient Right, A Modern Need" in 1892. She also wrote a series of essays on the history of feminism for the Westminster Review. On the 21 February 1905 she accompanied Sylvia Pankhurst to the House and Commons to lobby MPs , and she attended the WSPU’s first meeting in Cheltenham. After she died 1910, aged 72, she was buried on the churchyard of Staverton. The papers of Harriet McIlquham are archived in The Women's Library. Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds Paperback – 1 Feb. 2018, by Dr. Sue Jones WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE ACTIVITIES IN TEWKESBURY Derek Benson https://tewkesburyhistory.org/Womens-Suffrage
Window nº 5 8-03-2022	Stocking knitters’ cottages in St Mary’s Lane Restored by The Landmark Trust in 1971 Queen Elizabeth I started the fashion for knitted stockings instead of cloth hose. Hose were breeches and stockings all sewn together. Production of knitted stockings was facilitated by William Lee’s invention of a stocking frame or knitting machine first using wool and then, by 1599 for silk. Old style hose disappeared and the word itself became simply an alternative to stockings. Stocking making was a major cottage industry in Tewkesbury from the early 17th century. The 1766 Act of Parliament regulating the quality of cotton stockings was called “The Tewkesbury Act”. By 1831 over three hundred men, women and children were stocking knitters in Tewkesbury, which has some claim to be one of the early industrial cotton towns. The factories, with their distinctive wide windows, were known as “top shops”. Men were the machinists while female spinsters worked on spinning wheels, but recessions and competition from Nottingham and other areas, slowly undermined the industry. Connected with the stocking industry were factories for cotton-thread lace, silk throwing, and small linen articles, which provided employment for women and children. Osborne House in East Street was part of a factory complex which was a stocking weaving factory with offices, a lace manufactory in 1825, and home to the steam powered Patent Renewable Stocking Factory from 1860-1868.

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